Bands × HORO — succession

Band	Step	Description	years
BARE · bare ground	base	no life — starting point after disturbance	0
PIONEER · pioneer / ruderal	share	annual weeds — fast growth, short life	1
PERENNIAL · perennial herbs	weave	grasses + forbs — soil stabilises	3
SHRUB · shrubs	crest	peak biodiversity — shrub layer	10
PIONEER_TREE · pioneer trees	descent	light-demanding species — birch, pine	30
CLIMAX · climax forest	round	shade-tolerant — beech, oak, fir	100
OLD_GROWTH · old growth	unity	cycle complete — substrate for the next round	300

Sources (2)

• IPBES — Global Assessment Report(2019-05-01)
• IUCN — Red List of Ecosystems(2024-01-01)